页岩气压裂作业人因失误结构化辨识方法研究

为提高页岩气压裂作业人因失误辨识结果的全面性和针对性,建立一种结构化的人因失误辨识方法。通过概括辨识阶段的作业流程,建立作业人员行为模型,概述作业人员的行为阶段。利用筛选出的引导词辨识行为阶段人因失误。将该方法应用于页岩气压裂过程的替液阶段。结果表明,用引导词能明确辨识方向,减少头脑风暴时间以及对专家知识的依赖;辨识过程的动态调整能改善认知可靠性,使更多人因失误模式(与传统CREAM方法相比)被辨识出来。     

超高“Z型”中庭高度对自燃排烟特性影响的数值模拟研究

超过12m的超高中庭发生火灾时,常规排烟方法不能完全满足实际需求。通过FDS软件对某超高"Z型"中庭进行数值模拟,研究中庭高度对自然排烟特性的影响。该"Z型"中庭底层南面是自然进风口,顶层北面是自然排烟口,以烟气最先到达指定楼层人员危险时间值为到达危险时间。实验条件下模拟结果表明:无风情况下,中庭高度增加,到达危险时间增加,自然排烟效果增强。到达危险时间t与中庭高度h之间满足一定指数增长关系:t=y0+Aexp(h/α),中庭火源位置和中庭宽度对y0、A和α有一定影响。有风情况下,外界风向与进风口方向一致时,中庭自然排烟效果优于无风状况,中庭越高效果越强。在外界风向与排烟口方向相反时,烟气倒灌进中庭,自然排烟效果较弱。     

水电水利工程移民安置区环境保护管理探讨

水电水利工程移民安置区环境保护管理是水电水利建设项目环境保护工作的深化和延伸。本文通过对我国正在建设的巨型电站移民安置区环境保护工作的调查、总结和分析,探讨性地提出了水电水利工程移民安置区环境保护管理内容。该环保管理办法着力加强水电水利建设项目环境保护全过程管理,促进移民安置区环保措施的有效落实,使移民安置与生态环境相适应、相协调,实现水电水利工程建设的持续发展。     

乡镇污水处理方案探讨

论述了我国当前农村污水处理的现状、污水处理设施的建设模式、当前农村生活污水处理传统工艺的优缺点,以及新型的分散式一体化智能膜法污水再生器的优势和应用前景,为我国农村生活污水处理相关研究提供借鉴。     

Analysis of Meteorological Drought Pattern During Different Climatic and Cropping Seasons in Bangladesh

Drought is one of the most frequent natural disasters in Bangladesh which severely affect agro‐based economy and people's livelihood in almost every year. Characterization of droughts in a systematic way is therefore critical in order to take necessary actions toward drought mitigation and sustainable development. In this study, standardized precipitation index is used to understand the spatial distribution of meteorological droughts during various climatic seasons such as premonsoon, monsoon, and winter seasons as well as cropping seasons such as Pre‐Kharif (March‐May), Kharif (May‐October), and Rabi (December‐February). Rainfall data collected from 29 rainfall gauge stations located in different parts of the country were used for a period of 50 years (1961‐2010). The study reveals that the spatial characteristics of droughts vary widely according to season. Premonsoon droughts are more frequent in the northwest, monsoon droughts mainly occur in the west and northwest, winter droughts in the west, and the Rabi and Kharif droughts are more frequent in the north and northwest of Bangladesh. It is expected that the findings of the study will support drought monitoring and mitigation activities in Bangladesh.     

应急情况下多种有毒有害气体的快速检测

应急情况下,按照现行监测规范和大连石化公司目前配备的仪器设备条件,检测液化气、汽油、苯、丁酮、甲苯、乙苯、对二甲苯、间二甲苯、邻二甲苯和苯乙烯等有毒有害气体,至少需要60min;而根据文章的快速检测法,检测上述10种有毒有害气体,只需要5min,效率提高了10倍以上,完全满足应急情况下快速定性定量检测上述10种有毒有害气体的需要。     

Adsorption and biodegradation of three selected endocrine disrupting chemicals in river-based artificial groundwater recharge with reclaimed municipal wastewater

Endocrine disrupting chemical(EDC) pollution in river-based artificial groundwater recharge using reclaimed municipal wastewater poses a potential threat to groundwater-based drinking water supplies in Beijing, China. Lab-scale leaching column experiments simulating recharge were conducted to study the adsorption, biodegradation, and transport characteristics of three selected EDCs: 17β-estradiol(E2), 17α-ethinylestradiol(EE2) and bisphenol A(BPA). The three recharge columns were operated under the conditions of continual sterilization recharge(CSR), continual recharge(CR), and wetting and drying alternative recharge(WDAR). The results showed that the attenuation effect of the EDCs was in the order of WDAR CR CSR system and E2 EE2 BPA, which followed first-order kinetics. The EDC attenuation rate constants were 0.0783, 0.0505, and 0.0479 m-1 for E2, EE2 and BPA in the CR system, respectively. The removal rates of E2, EE2, and BPA in the CR system were 98%, 96% and 92%, which mainly depended on biodegradation and were affected by water temperature.In the CR system, the concentrations of BPA, EE2, and E2 in soil were 4, 6 and 10 times higher than in the WDAR system, respectively. According to the DGGE fingerprints, the bacterial community in the bottom layer was more diverse than in the upper layer, which was related to the EDC concentrations in the water-soil system. The dominant group was found to be proteobacteria, including Betaproteobacteria and Alphaproteobacteria, suggesting that these microbes might play an important role in EDC degradation.     

生物基质对煤渣改良地下渗滤系统脱氮效果的影响

地下渗滤系统(SWIS)对硝化、反硝化过程调控不灵活,导致其对氮的去除效果不够理想。组建了两套SWIS装置(1#装置:65～80cm段没有生物基质;2~#装置:65～80cm段添加生物基质),对沿程氮素、硝化和反硝化作用强度及氮还原酶活性进行分析。结果表明,两套装置均表现为硝化反应主要发生在20～60cm段,反硝化反应主要发生在60～80cm段。2~#装置的反硝化作用明显强于1#装置,因此其TN去除率高于1~#装置。硝化作用强度随深度增加而递减,反硝化作用强度随深度增加而递增。硝酸盐还原酶(NAR)活性随深度的增加而逐渐减弱,亚硝酸盐还原酶(NIR)活性随深度的增加先减弱后又增强。主要原因是2~#装置中添加了干化污泥作为生物基质,为反硝化作用补充了碳源,增强了脱氮能力。     

绍兴城区夏季大气挥发性有机物特征、来源及大气反应活性

研究了2019年夏季(8月)绍兴城区的烷烃、烯烃、炔烃、芳烃、卤代烃、含氧挥发性有机物(VOCs)、腈7类共98种VOCs的特征、来源及大气反应活性。结果表明,7类VOCs的平均质量浓度由大到小依次为烷烃(24.29μg/m3)卤代烃(17.17μg/m3)芳烃(15.89μg/m3)含氧VOCs(14.72μg/m3)烯烃(4.06μg/m3)炔烃(1.23μg/m3)腈(0.27μg/m3)。烃、腈和卤代烃白天浓度低,夜间浓度高,含氧VOCs基本上终日保持稳定。白天交通排放的贡献较为显著;夜间除交通排放外,挥发性有机溶剂的使用对绍兴城区夏季VOCs也有重要影响。此外,VOCs在一定程度上受到了长距离气团传输的影响,也存在一定的老化现象。烯烃、芳烃是绍兴城区夏季最具大气反应活性的VOCs。